Bill Clinton

Bill Clinton was born August 19, 1946, in Hope Arkansas. Clinton's father died in a car accident three days before Clinton was born. While Clinton's mom traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, Bill was left with his grandparents in Hope, Arkansas.
With scholarships, Clinton attended Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, in Washington D.C., where he received a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service. He than went to Oxford where he studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics.
Bill Clinton became our 42nd president in 1993. In 1993 Clinton controversially supported ratification, of the North American Free Trade Agreement by the U.S. Senate. Clinton strongly supported free trade measures. Clinton signed the Brady Bill into law on November 30, 1993, which imposed a five-day waiting period on handgun purchase.
Clinton was a historical figure because he did his part to do his best for the United States. Clinton Helped pass the Foster Care Independence Act. Clinton also became the first president to visit Vietnam since the end of the Vietnam war. in 1996, 1998, and 2000, Clinton had began pursuit on Bin Laden. Clinton also signed a a lot of legislation or programs that would benefit the people.

The Mall of America: Comsumerism at it's Peek

-The Opening of the Mall of America
-Ghermezian Family
-Opening date August 11, 1992
-Twin Cities suburb of Bloomingtonm,Minnesota.
Consumerism at it's peek, the Mall of America has 2.5 million square feet and 20,000 parking spaces, four floors and 520 plus stores. It contains America's largest indoor theme park. It includes memorials such as The exact seat to which Harmon Killebrew hit his longest home run at Metropolitan Stadium, The home plate plaque in Nickelodeon Universe denoting the exact spot of home plate at Metropolitan Stadium, and United Airlines Flight 93 memorial, for those who died aboard during the September 11, 2001 attacks, the bust of Tom Burnett is on the west side of the first floor, next to the fountain in front of Nordstrom, he was a native of Bloomgington and a victim of 911.

Kurt Cobain's Shotgun Sucide

-Kurt Cobain
-April 5, 1994
-In Kurt Cobain's Washington House.
Discovered by an electrician that was going to install a security system, Kurt Cobain had been shot and overdosed on heroin and Valium. Also found was a suicide note. There is great controversy as to whether his death was suicide or homicide. On March 30th Cobain Escaped from a rehab institution in LA and flew back to Seattle. On April 2nd and 3rd he was spotted around Seattle. on April 3rd Courtney Love hired a private investigator to find Cobain. He was missing for several days before being found dead on April 8, 1994. His death affected future punk and grunge bands sound and genres.

Danielle Steel:Dark Romantic

Danielle Fernande Dominique Schuelein-Steel
Pen Name: Danielle Steel
August 14, 1947
New York City, New York
Married five times, Danielle Steel has several children and began writing early in life. She published her first manuscript at 19. Danielle is most famous for her romance novels, featuring family issues and the effects of things done in the past. She published 23 books from 1990 to 1999. She drew from her experiences when she wrote. Incorporating divorce drug addicted spouses and other themes in her books as she herself experienced them.
Not only did she publish many novels but, her writing style changed. Her later heroines are stronger willed and willing to get themselves out of unsavory situations. She also published a book from the view points of three men. She has a reputation for writing "fluff" among critics but she mostly deals with the darker sdies of human nature and the unsavory aspects of things.

John Grisham Author

John Grisham is an American author, best known for his popular legal thrillers. Before John was a writer he was a successful lawyer and politician. John was born on February 8, 1955, in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Grisham received a Bachelor's of Science degree in accounting. Than in 1981, Grisham went to law school, where he focused on criminal law and civil law.
While John was witnessing a testimony of a 12 year old rape victim, he got inspired to start writing. John spent three years on his book called A Time to Kill, and it was finished in 1987. After Grisham finished his first novel he began to work on another book called The Firm, which became a seventh best seller novel in 1991. Grisham had 5 novels during the 90's which were number one best sellers.
Some of Grisham novels that were published in the 90's are The Firm, The Pelican Brief, The Client, The Chamber, The Rainmaker, The Runaway Jury, The Partner, The Street Lawyer, and The Testament.

Technology- Satellite phones-1990

The Satellite phone or now knows as the mobile phone was introduced. The first mobile phones had long antennas on them so they could reach the satellite. Most of the mobile phones looked the same. Most satellite phones had poor reception indoors. Some of the satellite phones had Geosynchronous orbit. These systems could maintain near-continuous global coverage with any three or four satellites. Some satellite phone networks provided a one-way paging channel.
Thanks to the invention of satellite phones during the 90's we today have advanced phones and technology. We went from satellite to phones to flip phones, Iphone, touch scree, and many more that all started because of the satellite phone.

Toys 1990

Have you even wondered what children played with when they were bored in the 90's? Well im about to tell you. Toys are always big, but i think the 90's had the best toys. Every kid would go down an aisle in a store and stop and beg their parents to get them that toy. Throughout years toys have got more advanced, but back in the days when barbies and dolls were "cool" to play with children played with them. Some of the toys that really got attention in the 90's were Pokemon, furby, beanie babies, litebrite, trolls, easy bake oven, playstation, and gigapets just to name a few.
To start with have you ever been in the kitchen and wished you could make something? During the 90's they came up with the Easy Bake Oven, which let kids make desserts in an oven without getting hurt. The easy Bake Oven was a little square like thing that when you put you dessert in it would bake it for you in a few minutes.
Another big toy kids loved were beanie babies. Beanie babies were these little stuffed animals that would be named. Beanie babies were a big hit because kids could take them with them. Beanie babies were also a collectible item that today is still huge. Each beanie baby would be marked with a tag of the animals name and birthday.
For the boys they had a lot of fun toys that came out in the 90's. For one they had Pokemon, Crash Bandacoot, and Playstation. Pokemon was a card game that originally came from Japan. Pokemon had cards, stuffed animals, shirts, pokeballs, and many other things assoiciated with it. The most bought were the cards. You could collect the cards for fun like most did. Pokemon was very well-known throughtout the 90's. For the videogame lovers SONY came up with a new invention to play games on. The Playstation. Playstation had millions of all kind of games. Playstation was what most boys were playing with in the mid 90's.
Each decade their are always new inventions and toys. To me the 90's had the best toys. Their were so many new things that came out that let you have choices on what you wanted to play with. Toys will never get old and thanks to some of the original inventions in the 90's, today's game systems just get better.

Princess Diana:Charitable Loss

-Princess Diana Spencer
-August 31, 1997
-The Pont de l'Alma road tunnel

Fleeing the paparazzi, Pirncess Diana and her hired driver crahsed into the thirteenth pillar of the Pont de l"Alma tunnel. She died after many attempts at resuscitation including internal cardiac massage. Several years later Diana's death was ruled gross neglegent driving by the paparazzi and the chauffeur, Henri Paul.

After her divorce from Prince Charles, Diana became largely involved in charities. She continued with this work from when she was a princess and was expected to visit the sick and comfort them. This created an interest in landmines and the effects they had on people she visited. Many of the victim were children and she fought hard to ban them. She was also was one of the first Celebrities to be photographed touching a person with AIDS, helping to chang public opinion of people effected by the disease. After her death the ban on landmines was passed and her campaign won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997.

Music:Rock and genres that rocked

In the early 90's the new genre "grunge" was popular. It rebelled against the 80's image and style based music. Later, after Nirvana's lead singer, Kurt Cobain died, bands like Peral Jam, Smashing Pumpkins, The Lemonheads and Sonic Youth became more popular in the mid 90's. Also grunge inspired bands like The Cranberries blew up in the genre indie rock.

In the mid and late 90's pop punk, rap rock and nu metal became standard. Bands like Green Day, The Offspring, Sum 41 and Blink 182 were hip and well played on the radio. These bands combined punk with radio friendly sounds. Rap Rock combined rap lyrics and style with the metal guitar sound. Faith No More paved the way for Rage Against the Machine, Limp Bizkit, Korn and Slipknot and Linkin Park. Nu Metal bands that became the current rage and were quickly signed included Papa Roach, P.O.D. and Disturbed.

Food:New and Popular *NOMS* of the 90's

Fast food joints like McDonald's with the Big Mac and Toco Bell with the Gordita,Chalupa and volcano burritos became big in the 90's.

Other popular drinks and snack foods kids and adults enjoyed included:
Nutty Bars
Binaca
Chef Boyardee
Top Ramen
Dippin' Dots
Fruit By the Foot
Jelly Belly Beans
Jones Soda
Jolt
Kids Cuisine
Sunny D Orange Juice
Capri sun Juice
Kool Aid
Lunchables
Nutella
Push Pop Icecream
Pepsi
Starbucks
Soy Milk
Whatchamacallits
Wonderball
Wonka Bars
Tang

Columbine High School Massacre: Ammunition and Tears

-Columbine Massacre
-Eric Harris And Dylan Klebold
-April 20,1999
-Columbine High School in Columbine, Colorado
-Harris and Klebold planned and executed an attack at their high school. they planted bombs and carried several guns. Though most of the bombs were unsuccesful, the two shot several times and students,teachers and even empty class rooms.
-Shootings begain at 11:19a.m, Library massacre from 11:29a.m. to 11:42a.m, Bombs partially detonated and 11:46and 11:48a.m in caffeteria,12:02p.m. Harris and Klebold re-enter the library, Suicide of Harris and Klebold at 12:08p.m.
-12 deaths, 21 injuries and immense emotional trama for the whole community.
-In the aftermath of the massacre there was mania about school security and new restrictions were set all over the U.S. Many schools enforced things like see-through backpacks and no tolerance policies. SWAT is more prepared for events like this by chaging and training in different tactics. Instead of containing the shooter they actively seek to "neutralize" the shooter and prevent more injuries. There are stricter guns restrictions making it harder for minors to get guns. There is more emphasis on identifying behavior before tragedies happen.
-The massacre at Columbine High School not only created and changed laws and policies it brought attention to violent video games and music. The event brought suspision about TV, movies, and internet, bullying, cliques and anti-depressant use in teenagers. It created tighter security and more awareness in adults at schools across the nation.

R.L.Stine:Jovial Yet Scary

Robert Lawrence Stine, R.L. Stine, Jovial Bob Stine was born on October 8, 1943 in Columbus, Ohio. R.L. Stine is sometimes called the "Stephen King " of children's literature.R.L. Stine gradueted from Ohio State University. He has a wife, Jane Waldhorn Stine, and a son Matthew Stine.

He wrote many stories and joke books. He created Bananas, a humor magazine and worked for Nickelodeon. R.L.Stine writes horror fiction novellas like the Goosebumps, Rotten School, Mostly Ghostly, The Nightmare Room and Fear Street series. Probably the most well-known work of his is the Goosebumps series. Not only did kids and teens enjoy his books but several were made into TV movies.

R.L.Stine has recieved many awards including,2002 Champion of Reading Award,Disney Adventures Kids' Choice Award for Best Book-Mystery/Horror (three times) and the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (also received three times).

R.L. Stine brought a creepy exciting spin to children'c literature. His books have relatable characters and horrifing plots that are a great combintation. For more advanced readers, his books are chilling way to have a fun adventure and for others its and exciting way to start loving reading.

J.K. Rowling:Magical Author

-Joanne "Jo" Rowling
-July 30,1965
-Yate, Gloucestershire, England
-Jo is a mother and novelist who used to teach french. She got her start when the idea for Harry Potter came to her on a delayed train ride. She spent several years in cafe's writing the first Harry Potter by hand.
-Jo is an author that draws much inspiration from her life and surroundings. For example when she was dreppresed and contemplating suicide she came up the dementors, beings that exemplified her feelings
-Jo wrote Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's/Philosopher's Stone in a cafe where she had to sip one cup of coffee because thats all she could afford.
-Nestlé Smarties Book Prize, British Book Award for Children’s Book of the Year, Whitbread Children’s Book of the Year Award, Author of the Year in the 2000 British Book Awards, Book of the Year prize at the British Book Awards.
-J.K. Rowling is best known for her Harry Potter series. It is a series in which an orphaned boy finds out that he is a wizard. He finds hope and doubts for his future. This series follows the boy wizard as he learns about magic, friends, himself and his past, and most importantly about the power of love and goodness. He finds himself marked to destroy the most evil wizard and he can only succeed with his friends fighting along with him. J.K. Rowling has effected childrens reading habits for the better. She challenged children and teens to expand their reading abilities. By making characters people could relate to she inspired them to read more, in turn looking for more books and ultimately becoming better readers and people. I think people can learn alot from the situations faced and choices made by the characters.
-J.K.Rowling has also given back generously to her community donating to, and setting up several charities. she is and active part of charites like Comic Relief, One Parent Families, Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain, and the Children's High Level Group. One Parent Families and Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain are particularly dear to her because her mother died of Multiple Sclerosis and she was a single parent when she wrote the first Harry Potter.

Fashion ( my personal topic numero dos)

Chunky shoes

Cute Baby Wear

Cool Grunge

Second-hand shopping

Hemp clothing, natural unbleached cotton, and recycled PVC plastic woven into polyester

Neon Colors

Butterfly Clips

Scrunchies

Flannel

Overalls

Doc Martens

Stirrup pants

Tan in a can

Cut off jeans

White and colored denim

Glitter

Tapered jeans

Hair dye (glows under black light)

Chain wallets

Body suits

Tank tops

Baby dolls

The Rachael

Fanny packs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_in_fashion

O.J. Simspson Trial-Historical Event

On June 12, 1994, O.J. Simpson's Wife and friend were fatally stabbed outside of Brown's condominium in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles. Nicole had been stabbed multiple times through the throat, and Goldman's body was found with "teaser" wounds, implying that the murderer taunted him with the knife before actually killing him. The evidence the police found led to the suspection that O.J. Simpson was the murdered.
Lawyers convinced the Los Angeles Police Department to allow Simpson to turn himself in at 11 a.m. on June 17. On June 17, 1994, over one thousand reporters waited for Simpson at the police station. When he didn't appear, at 2 p.m. police issued an all out bulletin. The chase ended at 8 p.m. at Simpson's house 50 miles later. He was alloweed to go inside for about an hour, but a few minutes after his attorney Robert Shapiro arrived, Simpson surrendered himself to authorities.
Simpson pleaded not guily to both murders. On June 23, the grand jusry was dismissed as a result of excessive media coverage, which might influence the grand jury's neutrality. After a week long court hearing, a California Superior Court judge ruled on July 7 that there was ample evidence to try Simpson for the murders. On July 23, Simpson stated " Absolutely, one hundred percent, noy guilty."
The effects of this event were enormous for Simpson, Brown, and Goldman's families. The effects were difficult for everyone one involved because they didnt know if Simpson was guilty or not. The trial went on and on and today, people still have their opinions on what the outcome was and what it should of been.
O.J. Simpson was significant for his athletic abilities. O.J. Simspon played in the NFL in 1968 for the Buffalo Bills, and that he also played for the San Francisco 49ers. Before Simpson retired from the NFL he started acting. Simspson played in dramatic roles like The Cassandra Crossing, Capricorn One, The Klansman, and The Towering Inferno.

Sports 1990

Sports have always been important and part of the world. I don’t think their will be a day when we have no more sports. We have everything from Football, Baseball, Hockey, Basketball and everything in between. During the 1990’s was a big year for sports but even a bigger year for Basketball.

During the 90’s the Chicago Bulls had a lot of wins and went to the championships time after time because of a legendary player, who was Michael Jordan. Although Jordan retired in 1993, he led his team to six championship titles.. Jordan was one of the greatest players at the young age of 30. He won seven straight NBA scoring titles, three straight league MVP awards, and two Olympic gold medals. Jordan left NBA to try and pursue Baseball but came back to the NBA in 1995. In 1996 Jordan received two million votes for the All-Star game. Although in 1998 when Jordan retired for good, his legacy still lives on with the Chicago Bulls.

Another athlete that came about the 90’s was the one and only Tiger Woods. In 1997 at the age of 21 Tiger Woods won the U.S. Masters tournament. He was one of the greatest players at such a young age. Woods broke the all-time scoring record and won by the largest number of strokes. In 1999, Woods won eleven worldwide championships. Woods was named male athlete of the year by the Associated Press in 1997 and 1999. Since the 90’s when Wood’s career hit full force he’s been one of the greatest golf players to play the game.

Basketball and Golf were not the only sports that had some amazing things happen in the 90's. During the 90's big things happened in Baseball for the New York Yankees. In 1996 the New York Yankees won the World Series against the Atlanta Braves. Two Years later the Yankees would win another World Series. In 1998 the Yankees won another World Series over the San Diego Padres.

Kurt Cobain:A Music Legend

Kurt Cobain Was born on February 20, 1967. He was interested in music early and his Aunt Mari said, "he was singing from the time he was two." After his parents divorced when he was eight, Cobain became more withdrawn. He spent a year living with his mother, then moved in with his father, who couldn't handle his rebellion and was shunted from family to friends. For his 14th birthday Kurt Cobain's uncle got him a guitar and he learned several covers and began writing his own songs. Kurt Cobain was deeply involved with the underground punk scene and was very effected by several hardcore punk bands.

Possibly the most recognizible song recorded by Cobain and his band Nirvana is "Smells Like Teen Spirit." Cobain credited his style to obsucre punk bands like,The Vaselines, The Melvins, Daniel Johnstonn, The Meat Puppets, Young Marble Giants, The Wipers, Flipper, Butthole Surfers, Captain Beefheart, and The Raincoats. He was considered a "spokesperson" for "Genreation X", a title he was uncomfortable with, by the media. Cobain's belief against homophobia and sexism made him very proud to play at a gay rights benefit in Oregon. Not only did he stand up for rights he helped to popularize the alternative rock genre called grunge.

After His suicide, Kurt Cobain was cremated and his ashes were scattered in the Wishkah River in Washington. A sign was put up in Aberdeen, Washington that read "Welcome to Aberdeen - Come As You Are" as a tribute to Cobain. The Kurt Cobain Memorial Committee also plans to make a Kurt Cobain momorial park and youth center, as well as paying for the sign.

Genetically Modified Food (mmm, yummy)---Brittini

Using special enzymes, restriction enzymes, a gene that causes a desirable trait is located and extracted to be used in plants. This desirable gene is inserted and mixed into the DNA of the plant which causes it to exhibit the trait. An example of this would be a plant that resists pests, and in turn requires little to no pesticides (organic). The first plant to be genetically modified was a tomato. The gene that was added to it caused the fruit to ripen slower and therefore increased its lifespan. This modification of plants is controversial as some scientists say that it can cause harm to those who ingest it, however this has never been proven. It was also believed by some to be the solution to world hunger. These changes to plants later inspired the modification of animals. This had great results. For example, better milk, egg and meat yield. These foods were popular in the nineties because of the fads surrounding healthy lifestyles. The organic craze had begun and the sales of modified foods went through the roof.

Ross Perot (super cool guy)---Brittini

Henry Ross Perot was not only the creator and CEO of EDS (Electronic Data Systems), he was also an activist, a presidential candidate and one overall tough cookie. He is said to be worth more than $3 billion dollars. Ross "The Boss" graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy as the president of his class, and later in life was made an honorary Green Beret. His service and riches led him to fund the rescue of two POWs who were employees of EDS. He attempted to improve the way American POWs were treated and tried sending care packages to them which, unsurprisingly, the Vietnamese didn't allow them to receive. He also had a campaign to improve the school system in Texas and contributed to many schools and educational institutions. Mr. Perot created a very successful company (EDS) after IBM refused to listen to his ideas. The company was later purchased by General Motors for $2.5 billion. Mr. Perot remained the head of EDS, and was anointed to the board of directors of GM. He often went on record insulting the government and the state of the U.S. Mr. Perot ran for president as an independent in 1992 and 1996 and got surprisingly large support from voters, however he didn't receive any electoral votes. He started the reform party, but he was later overshadowed by the governor of Minnesota, Jesse Ventura.

Rodney King Incident (big deal in the 90's)---Brittini

Rodney King was the victim of excessive police brutality. His case was against four officers of the LAPD, and when they were acquitted, the incident sparked the 1992 Los Angeles Riots. While King was being beaten, a bystander named George Holiday caught the majority of the brutal act on tape. This footage was used in court as evidence against the officers. It all started when King was driving while intoxicated. When police tried to pull him over, a high speed freeway chase ensued. He was cornered after exiting the freeway and his passengers were arrested. When officers attempted to arrest King he struggled and allegedly struck one of the officers. The struggle continued leading to the use of a taser on King twice and several strikes with police batons. While all of this was happening he was also being stomped on repeatedly for approximately a minute and a half. When finally arrested he was taken to the hospital where it was discovered that he suffered a fracture to a bone in his face, a broken leg, and numerouscuts and bruises. He was awarded $3.8 million, some of which he gave to start a hip hop record label. The riots led to 53 deaths, 2,383 injured, over 7,000 fires, 3,100 damage businesses, and roughly $1 billion in financial losses.

Chuck Palahniuk (author extrordinare)---Brittini

Born on February 21st, 1962, Charles Michael Palahniuk was born in Washington (the state) to Carol and Fred. He was raised in a mobile home until his parents divorced at which point he and his three siblings went to live with his grandparents. He attended the University of Oregon's School of Journalism. In his adult life. he went on to join the Cacophony Society, which inspired him for Project Mayhem in his most popularized book Fight Club. This book had been intended to mearly anger his publishers, but dispite his beleifs the book was accepted and earned the attention of 20th Century Fox. The book has now been released three times and though the movie was said to be a box office disappointment, when the DVD was released it was so popular that it gained its own cult following.

Television (my personal topic numero uno)---Brittini

Television shows during the nineties were "the bomb". Both comedic and suspenseful shows were popular during this decade. Each age group had their prefrence as to what they enjoyed watching. Adults went for shows with a more serious feel or jokes that only adults would get such as:

Star Trek~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Friends

Seinfeld~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Law & Order
Star Wars~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Walker Texas Ranger

Along with these shows teenagers usually watched programs about drama, funny situations and music like:

Full House~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Boy Meets World
Saved By The Bell ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ren & Stimpy
90210~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Bevis & Butthead
Simpsons~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MTV
Fresh Prince Of Bel Air

The kids of the nineties went for shows that were better suited for innocent and naive young ones like:

Power Rangers~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The Wild Thornberrys
Rugrats~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TMNT
Garfield~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Teletubbies
Bonkers~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Real Monsters
Reading Rainbow~~~~~~~~~~~~Barney & Friends
Doug~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Arthur
Hey Arnold~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Pepper Anne
Pappy's Playland~~~~~~~~~~~~~Big Comfty Couch
Clifford~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Thomas & Friends
Mr. Roger's Neighborhood

Television was a way for families to have some time together Without having to bond after the parents got home from work, the teens got home from parties and the kids got home from daycare.

Accomplishments: Technology~

Discoveries: Scientific~ (d20)

Human Genome Project:

The project started off in the early 1980's supported by the Department of Energy in workshops in '84 and '86. A scientist named James D. Watson was head of the National Center for the Human Genome Research at the NIH (National Institue of Health) in the US starting around '88. His boss, Bernadine Healy, and Watson disagreed over the issue of patenting genes and Watson was forced to resgin in '92, he was soon replaced by Francis Collins in April '93. The 3-billion project was funded formally in 1990 by teh Department of Engery and the National Institutes of Health. It was expected to take 15 years to complete.

Steps: (From http://en.wikipedia.com./human_genome_project#state_of_completion)

-First, the central regions of each chromosome, known as centromeres, are highly repetitive DNA sequences that are difficult to sequence using current technology. The centromeres are millions (possibly tens of millions) of base pairs long, and for the most part these are entirely un-sequenced.

-Second, the ends of the chromosomes, called telomeres, are also highly repetitive, and for most of the 46 chromosome ends these too are incomplete. It is not known precisely how much sequence remains before the telomeres of each chromosome are reached, but as with the centromeres, current technological restraints are prohibitive.

-Third, there are several loci in each individual's genome that contain members of multigene families that are difficult to disentangle with shotgun sequencing methods - these multigene families often encode proteins important for immune functions.
Other than these regions, there remain a few dozen gaps scattered around the genome, some of them rather large, but there is hope that all these will be closed in the next couple of years.

In summary: the best estimates of total genome size indicate that about 92.3% of the genome has been completed [2] and it is likely that the centromeres and telomeres will remain un-sequenced until new technology is developed that facilitates their sequencing. Most of the remaining DNA is highly repetitive and unlikely to contain genes, but it cannot be truly known until it is entirely sequenced. Understanding the functions of all the genes and their regulation is far from complete. The roles of junk DNA, the evolution of the genome, the differences between individuals, and many other questions are still the subject of intense interest by laboratories all over the world.